Are Sofa Beds Comfortable Enough For Adults?

3 Jan 2026 13 min read No comments Blog

Are Sofa Beds Comfortable Enough for Adults?

When considering whether sofa beds are comfortable enough for adults, it’s essential to evaluate various aspects ranging from design and construction to personal preferences. Sofa beds serve a dual purpose: they function as both a sofa and a bed, making them ideal for smaller living spaces and guest rooms. However, the question remains: can they truly provide a restful sleep for adults?

One of the main factors that influence the comfort of a sofa bed is the type of mattress it uses. Here are some common mattress types found in sofa beds:

  • Foam Mattresses: These are lightweight and easy to fold. However, they may not provide the support adults need for a good night’s sleep.
  • Innerspring Mattresses: These offer more support and bounce than foam mattresses but can be heavier.
  • Hybrid Mattresses: Combining foam and innerspring materials, hybrid mattresses may offer a balance between comfort and support.
  • Air Mattresses: Some high-end sofa beds come with adjustable air mattresses, allowing users to customize firmness.

The choice of mattress can greatly impact how comfortable a sofa bed feels for adult users. A high-quality mattress will likely make it much more pleasant to sleep on, while a lower-quality one could lead to discomfort. Before deciding, it’s advisable to test the mattress by lying on it for an extended period.

Another critical aspect to consider is the design of the sofa bed. Different designs cater to various preferences and needs:

  • Pull-out sofa beds: These have a mechanism that allows the bed to be pulled out from under the seating portion. They often provide larger sleeping surfaces.
  • Futons: A futon can be easily converted from a couch to a bed. While they are typically slimmer, they may not offer as much support as traditional sofa beds.
  • Click-clack sofa beds: These offer reclining features and can easily transform from a sofa to a bed, making them user-friendly.

One must also consider the material used for the upholstery. Sofas with plush fabrics, such as velvet or soft cotton, can feel cozy while sitting and sleeping. In contrast, leather or synthetic materials may offer less warmth and comfort.

Additionally, the overall structure of the sofa bed plays a crucial role in comfort. A sturdy frame made from solid wood will typically offer better support compared to particle board. Here’s a comparison of different frame materials:

Frame Material Durability Comfort Level
Hardwood High Excellent
Metal Medium Good
Particle Board Low Poor

Ultimately, personal preference plays a vital role in determining comfort. Some people might find a firm mattress more comfortable, while others may prefer a softer surface. If possible, try before you buy. Visit a showroom to experience the comfort level firsthand and gauge how it suits your own sleeping habits.

The placement of the sofa bed in your home can also affect comfort. Ensure you have enough space around it for both sitting and sleeping. Consider the room’s lighting, temperature, and noise levels, as these can also influence your comfort level while sleeping on a sofa bed.

If you’re looking for quality sofa beds that cater to adult comfort, check out reputable retailers such as IKEA or Wayfair. Their selection includes various styles and mattress types to suit different preferences. Another option is Sofa.com, known for its customizable sofa beds designed for comfort.

While some sofa beds may not provide the level of comfort some adults require, many options available today can cater to diverse needs. By considering mattress types, frame structures, and personal preferences, you can find a sofa bed that meets your comfort requirements. With the right choice, a sofa bed can be an enjoyable and functional addition to any home.

The Anatomy of a Comfortable Sofa Bed: What to Look For

Choosing a sofa bed that is both stylish and comfortable can make all the difference when it comes to enjoying flexible living spaces. Whether you’re hosting guests or converting a living room into a guest bedroom, understanding the elements that constitute a comfortable sofa bed is essential.

First and foremost, the mattress plays a pivotal role in determining the comfort of a sofa bed. A thicker mattress generally offers better support and can significantly enhance the sleeping experience. Look for options with memory foam or latex as they contour to the body, providing relief from pressure points. An ideal thickness is typically between five to six inches, ensuring both comfort and ease of folding. Remember, a mattress that is too thin can lead to discomfort and poor sleep quality.

Another critical aspect to consider is the frame construction. A sturdy frame provides the necessary support to withstand regular usage. Opt for sofa beds with solid wood or metal frames rather than particle board. This not only assures durability but also enhances the overall feeling of stability when sitting or sleeping. A well-constructed frame will also limit the potential for squeaking or wobbling, which can be quite disruptive.

Additionally, the mechanism of the sofa bed is vital for both ease of use and comfort. Common types include:

  • Pull-out Sofa Beds: These are typical and function by pulling out the mattress from inside the couch. They are usually more comfortable due to the larger mattress size.
  • Click-Clack Sofa Beds: These have a folding backrest that can convert the sofa into a bed easily. These are often compact and suitable for small spaces.
  • Futons: These can be laid flat to make a bed. While they can be comfortable, they might not provide the same luxurious feel as other options.

Having the right upholstery matters too. A soft, breathable fabric can significantly impact your comfort level during sleep. Natural fibers like cotton or linen typically offer better breathability than synthetic materials, which can cause overheating. In addition, look for options with removable and washable covers, making maintenance a breeze.

Let’s not overlook the size of the sofa bed. Depending on the available space in your home, finding the right size is crucial. Ensure it fits comfortably within your living area while accommodating the necessary seating and sleeping requirements. Measure carefully, and consider how the sofa bed will fit into your overall decor.

In terms of design, choose a style that resonates with your personal aesthetic. Whether you prefer modern, traditional, or minimalist designs, there are options available that combine form and function beautifully. The right sofa bed can serve as a stunning focal point while also providing a comfortable sleeping surface for adults.

Here’s a quick checklist to help you choose a comfortable sofa bed:

Feature Importance
Mattress Quality Higher thickness and good materials contribute to better comfort.
Frame Material Solid wood or metal frames offer better support and durability.
Mechanism Type Ease of use and comfort vary by type; choose based on space availability.
Upholstery Fabric Consider breathability, softness, and ease of maintenance.
Size Ensure it fits well in your living space and meets your needs.

It’s also wise to read reviews before making a final decision. Websites as Consumer Reports offer valuable insights into customer experiences and can guide you toward making an informed choice. Similarly, visit IKEA’s website to explore a plethora of options with detailed specifications.

Finding the right sofa bed that balances comfort and style is achievable if you know what to look for. Keep your priorities clear, consider the factors discussed, and you’ll be well on your way to selecting a sofa bed that will satisfy your sleeping needs and elevate your living space.

Comparison Between Sofa Beds and Traditional Beds for Adults

When it comes to choosing the right sleeping arrangement, many people find themselves torn between sofa beds and traditional beds. Both options have their unique benefits and challenges, especially for adults who prioritize comfort and functionality. Understanding the differences between these two furniture types can help you make an informed decision that works best for your home.

Comfort Level

Comfort is often the primary concern when deciding between a sofa bed and a traditional bed. Traditional beds are generally designed for sleeping, with high-quality mattresses that provide adequate support for a good night’s sleep. Depending on the type of mattress you choose, you can enjoy varying levels of firmness and softness tailored to your personal preferences.

Sofa beds, on the other hand, are dual-purpose furniture pieces designed for both sitting and sleeping. While some modern sofa beds come with high-quality mattresses that can provide comfort similar to traditional beds, others may feature thinner or less supportive mattresses. This can lead to discomfort for adults who might be using them for extended periods. Consider the following factors:

  • Mattress Type: Look for sofa beds with memory foam or hybrid mattresses for optimal comfort.
  • Support: A solid foundation in the sofa bed frame is crucial for ensuring that the mattress does not sag over time.
  • Thickness: A thicker mattress can often provide better support but may result in a heavier and bulkier sofa bed.

Space Considerations

If you’re living in a small apartment or a home with limited space, a sofa bed can be a practical solution. It serves a dual purpose, allowing you to have a seating area during the day and a sleeping space at night. This functionality can significantly save space in your living area.

Traditional beds, while comfortable, require designated space solely for sleeping. This can limit your design options and the amount of usable space in the room. Here’s how they compare:

Feature Sofa Bed Traditional Bed
Space Efficiency More efficient, multi-functional Takes dedicated sleeping space only
Design Options Variety of styles, can fit into living spaces Limited to bedroom designs

Cost Effectiveness

Budget considerations also play a significant role in the sofa bed vs. traditional bed debate. Sofa beds can range from affordable to high-end models, depending on the design and materials used. A well-priced sofa bed can function as both a couch and a bed, potentially saving you money by combining two furniture pieces into one.

Alternatively, if you opt for a traditional bed, you’ll likely need to invest in a separate high-quality mattress. While this could result in a higher initial cost, many adults find that a good mattress can enhance sleep quality and durability over time. Here’s a quick comparison:

  • Sofa Beds: Typically more affordable for dual-purpose design.
  • Traditional Beds: Higher upfront cost but potentially better long-term value in sleep quality.

Ease of Use

Using a sofa bed can require some effort when transitioning from couch to bed. The folding mechanism may not be as intuitive for everyone, and it could take some time to get accustomed to setting it up for sleep. Traditional beds, on the other hand, offer straightforward use—simply jump into bed and you’re ready to sleep!

For guests, a sofa bed may also pose challenges. If hospitality is a priority for you, consider your guests’ comfort and ease of use when selecting the right option.

The decision between a sofa bed and a traditional bed largely depends on your specific needs—be it comfort preferences, space considerations, budget constraints, or ease of use. For more information on choosing the right sleeping arrangements, explore resources such as Sleep Foundation and Good Housekeeping. Both platforms provide extensive details on mattress types, their effects on sleep quality, and options available in the market. Making an informed choice would not only contribute to your comfort but also enhance your living space’s design.

Common Misconceptions About Sofa Bed Comfort

When it comes to sofa beds, many people hold misconceptions about their comfort level, especially for adults. It’s essential to understand these myths to make an informed decision when considering a sofa bed for your home. Let’s explore some common misunderstandings surrounding the comfort of sofa beds.

Myth 1: Sofa Beds Are Only for Kids

One of the most prevalent misconceptions is that sofa beds are more suitable for children than adults. While it’s true that many sofa beds come in small sizes, there are plenty of options crafted specifically for adult use. Brands like SofaScore offer models designed with adult comfort in mind. These options often feature high-quality mattresses and frames that provide adequate support, making them great for adults.

Myth 2: Sofa Beds Are Uncomfortable to Sleep On

Another common myth is that sofa beds lack comfort compared to traditional beds. However, this largely depends on the type of mattress used. Modern sofa beds provide various mattress options, including:

  • Memory foam mattresses
  • Latex mattresses
  • Hybrid mattresses

These mattress types offer improved support and comfort, ensuring that adults can sleep soundly on them.

Myth 3: Sofa Beds Are Difficult to Open and Close

Many people assume that sofa beds are cumbersome and complicated to operate. In reality, many models feature user-friendly mechanisms that allow for quick and easy conversions from sofa to bed. Sleek designs and simple pull mechanisms make sofa beds accessible for everyone. For a good demonstration of how easy they can be, check resources from Furniture Today.

Myth 4: They Don’t Provide Enough Support

Concerns about support often arise with sofa beds. It’s vital to understand that the frame and mattress play a crucial role in your comfort. High-quality sofa beds are constructed with robust frames that support body weight evenly. For those worried about back pain, it’s advisable to look for models with slatted or sturdy base systems. Investigating customer reviews on sites like Consumer Reports can also provide insight into which brands offer superior support.

Myth 5: Sofa Beds Are Only for Short-Term Use

Many believe that sofa beds are simply meant for occasional use, but this isn’t always the case. Many people find their sofa beds perfectly comfortable for regular sleeping, especially in small living spaces. With the right mattress and frame, they can serve as a practical everyday bed. Consider checking the durability ratings of specific models, which can be found on Good Housekeeping.

Factors to Consider for Comfort

To ensure comfort, consider the following factors when choosing a sofa bed:

  • Mattress Quality: Choose a model with a mattress made from high-quality materials.
  • Size: Ensure the size accommodates most adults comfortably.
  • Frame Design: Look for a sturdy and well-constructed frame for added support.

Checking Customer Reviews

Reading customer reviews can provide valuable insights into the comfort of specific sofa bed models. Reviews often contain personal experiences regarding sleeping quality, ease of conversion, and overall satisfaction. Websites like Amazon often have comprehensive customer reviews that may guide you in making the right choice.

Final Thoughts on Sofa Bed Comfort

Ultimately, whether a sofa bed is comfortable enough for adults largely depends on the model and its specifications. By discarding common misconceptions and understanding the nuances of comfort, you can find a sofa bed that meets your needs perfectly. With increasing advancements in design and materials, modern sofa beds can be both stylish and comfortable.

For more information and options, explore brands like Living Spaces, which provide detailed product specifications and a wide range of choices tailored to your comfort needs.

Tips for Choosing the Right Sofa Bed for Adult Use

Choosing the right sofa bed for adults can be a daunting task. With so many options available, it’s essential to find one that combines comfort and functionality. Here are some useful tips to help you make the best decision when selecting a sofa bed for your home.

Consider Your Space

Before you start shopping for a sofa bed, assess the area where you plan to place it. Measure the space to ensure that the sofa bed won’t overpower the room or hinder accessibility. Additionally, consider the layout of your furniture. A well-placed sofa bed can serve as both a stylish seating option and a functional sleeping area.

Focus on Comfort

Comfort is key when selecting a sofa bed for adult use. Here are a few factors to consider:

  • Mattress Quality: Look for a sofa bed with a high-quality mattress. A thicker mattress made from memory foam or latex can provide better support and comfort than a thin innerspring mattress.
  • Seat Depth: Ensure that the seat depth is appropriate for adult comfort. A seat depth of 20-24 inches usually works well for most adults.
  • Recline Features: Some sofa beds offer reclining features that can enhance comfort during both sitting and sleeping.

Evaluate the Mechanism

The sofa bed’s opening and closing mechanism plays a significant role in ease of use. There are several types:

  • Pull-Out Sofa Beds: A frame that folds out to provide a separate sleeping area.
  • Sofa beds that can be easily transformed into beds by laying the back down flat.
  • Click-Clack Mechanism: A simple design that allows the backrest to click into position, creating a bed.

Before purchasing, test the mechanism to ensure it operates smoothly and feels secure.

Choose the Right Style

The style of the sofa bed should blend with your home’s decor. Whether you prefer a modern look or a more rustic style, there are options available in various materials and colors. When selecting upholstery, consider:

  • Durability: Fabrics like microfiber or leather are often easier to clean and maintain.
  • Color: Choose a color that complements your existing decor while also being practical for wear and tear.

Look for Additional Features

Many sofa beds come with added features that can enhance their functionality:

  • Storage Options: Look for models with built-in storage compartments for bedding and pillows.
  • Convertible Styles: Some designs allow for multiple configurations, so you can adjust the layout based on your needs.

Read Reviews and Test It Out

Reading reviews from other customers can provide valuable insights into comfort levels and durability. It’s also crucial to test the sofa bed in-store if possible. Sit on it, lie down, and see how it feels to ensure it meets your comfort standards.

Understand Your Budget

Sofa beds come in a range of prices. Establish a budget before you start shopping. While higher-priced options may come with better materials and comfort, there are also reasonable choices that won’t compromise on quality. Consider investing a little more for a sofa bed that can stand the test of time.

Price Range Features Comfort Level
Under $500 Basic mattress, limited styles Moderate
$500 – $1,000 Good mattress, various styles, recline options High
$1,000 and above High-end materials, premium comfort, multiple configurations Very High

Finding a suitable sofa bed for adults involves considering numerous factors, from size and comfort to style and functionality. Make sure to take your time to assess your options, and always prioritize comfort for both sitting and sleeping.

For more information on choosing the perfect sofa bed, you can visit SleepOnLatex or SofiaBeds.

Customer Reviews: Real Experiences with Sofa Bed Comfort

When considering a sofa bed, one of the most prevalent questions from buyers is about comfort. Customers often share their real experiences with sofa beds, offering insights into how these versatile pieces of furniture perform in adult households. Let’s delve into what real users are saying about the comfort levels of sofa beds.

Many reviews highlight the primary concern regarding the mattress quality. A common theme among users is that the comfort level largely depends on the type of mattress. Here’s a breakdown of different mattress options:

  • Memory Foam: Customers frequently appreciate the support of memory foam mattresses. They report a good balance between comfort and firmness, which is ideal for sleeping.
  • Innerspring: While some users enjoy the bounce and familiarity of innerspring mattresses, issues around sagging and discomfort over time have also been noted.
  • Air Mattress: Some sofa beds with air mattresses offer adjustable firmness. However, these can be cumbersome for everyday use and might not have long-lasting durability.

In multiple reviews, users express the notion that comfort can change based on the intended use of the sofa bed. If the sofa bed is used primarily for occasional guests, comfort seems to hold up well. However, customers who frequently use a sofa bed for daily sleeping report varying degrees of satisfaction. Many suggest that investing in a higher-quality sofa bed offers better long-term comfort.

Another factor influencing comfort is the sofa bed design itself. Many customers emphasize the significance of the opening mechanism. Sofas with easy-to-use pull-out mechanisms tend to receive better reviews, as users appreciate not struggling to set it up. Some reported needing a learning curve to figure out how their specific model worked.

When considering space constraints, several users find that a comfortable sofa bed still accommodates their style and needs. They often note that certain sofa beds blend aesthetics with comfort perfectly. Stylish, plush designs can serve as a living room centerpiece while providing a cozy sleeping option for guests. Customers frequently praise designs that do not compromise on seated comfort.

Real User Experiences

Let’s take a closer look at some real user experiences regarding comfort:

User Experience Rating (out of 5)
Jane D. “I was shocked by how comfortable my memory foam sofa bed was for sleeping. I’ve used it nightly for over a month.” 5
Mike L. “The innerspring mattress on my sofa bed started sagging after a few weeks. It’s alright for short stays, but not suitable for extended use.” 2
Emily R. “I love how easy it is to open! The bed is comfortable enough, but I wouldn’t want to use it long-term.” 3
Steve F. “Utilized it for guests during the holidays, and everyone slept well. Modern design adds a nice touch to the room too!” 4

Customer testimonials resonate with viewers looking to find an ideal sofa bed for adults. Many emphasize that trying out the bed in person or reading multiple reviews should be part of the purchasing process. They recommend that potential buyers look for features such as removable covers for washing, which can enhance overall maintenance and hygiene.

For additional insights and customer reviews on various sofa beds, consider visiting Sleep Foundation and Mattress Clarity. These resources provide comprehensive assessments and comparisons, helping you find a sofa bed that fits both comfort and style.

How to Enhance Comfort on a Sofa Bed for Adult Sleepers

If you’re wondering about the comfort level of a sofa bed for adult sleepers, you’re not alone. Many people find themselves needing extra sleeping space, and a sofa bed often seems like a perfect solution. However, the question is whether these versatile pieces of furniture provide the comfort needed for a good night’s sleep. Luckily, there are ways to enhance comfort on a sofa bed. Let’s explore a few strategies that can make your sofa bed more enjoyable for adults to sleep on.

One key aspect of comfort is the mattress itself. Most sofa beds come with thin mattresses that may not provide enough support for adult sleepers. Here’s how to improve comfort:

  • Invest in a Mattress Topper: A high-quality mattress topper can add significant comfort to your sofa bed. Memory foam or gel-infused mattress toppers can offer better support and conform to your body’s shape, enhancing the sleeping experience.
  • Consider a Foldable Mattress: For those who want a more permanent solution, you can purchase a foldable mattress that fits the dimensions of your sofa bed. This can provide a more traditional sleeping experience.
  • Use a Futon Mattress: Some sofa beds can be fitted with a futon mattress, which is usually thicker and designed for full-time sleeping. This option can greatly increase comfort for adult sleepers.

Another factor that impacts comfort is the positioning of the sofa bed. Here are some tips to optimize the space:

  • Choose the Right Location: Place the sofa bed in a quiet area to minimize disturbances. Avoid spots near windows or high-traffic areas of your home.
  • Adjust Lighting: Dim lights can create a relaxing atmosphere. Use blackout curtains if light from outside is a problem.
  • Enhance Room Temperature: Adjust the room temperature to ensure it’s comfortable for sleeping. You can use fans or heating pads according to the seasons.

The type of bedding you use also makes a significant difference. Here are some suggestions:

  • Choose the Right Sheets: Soft, breathable cotton sheets can make a huge difference in comfort. Look for sheets that feel pleasant against the skin and allow airflow.
  • Add Extra Pillows: Bring in some pillows to support your head, neck, and back. Experiment with different sizes and firmness levels to find what suits you best.
  • Consider a Comforter or Quilt: A thick comforter or duvet can offer warmth and coziness, which contribute to a better sleep experience.

Additionally, maintaining the sofa bed properly is essential for comfort. Regularly check for issues like sagging or creaking. Here’s how you can ensure longevity:

  • Inspect the Frame: Periodically check the frame for any loose screws or damage to ensure stability when sleeping.
  • Keep it Clean: Regularly vacuum and clean the mattress and upholstery to prevent dust mites, which can affect your sleep quality.
  • Rotate the Mattress: If possible, rotate or flip the mattress regularly to prevent uneven wear.

Consider your personal preferences and habits. Everyone has unique sleep requirements, and understanding yours can help you adjust your sofa bed for improved comfort:

  • Adjust Your Sleep Position: If you’re a side sleeper, using a thicker pillow can help align your neck and spine, improving comfort.
  • Mind Your Sleep Hygiene: Maintain a consistent bedtime routine to enhance the quality of your sleep.

These strategies can significantly improve the comfort of a sofa bed for adult sleepers. Investing in a quality mattress topper, optimizing bedding choices, and maintaining the bed can all lead to a better sleeping experience. If you have more questions about mattress types and sleeping tips, visit Sleep Foundation and Consumer Reports for comprehensive guides.

Remember, a good night’s sleep is essential for overall wellness, so take the time to create a comfortable sleeping environment, even on a sofa bed. With the right adjustments, you can enjoy restful nights right from your living space!

Key Takeaway:

When it comes to the question, "Are sofa beds comfortable enough for adults?", there’s much to explore. Many adults find themselves in situations where the flexibility of a sofa bed becomes essential, whether for accommodating guests, maximizing small living spaces, or simply enjoying the adaptability it offers. However, comfort remains a significant concern for potential buyers.

To ensure you choose a comfortable sofa bed, start by understanding the anatomy of a good one. Look for factors like the quality of the mattress and the sturdiness of the frame. A well-constructed sofa bed will often feature a thicker, high-density foam mattress that provides better support compared to a cheaper, thinner option. This is crucial to avoid discomfort during sleep.

When comparing sofa beds with traditional beds for adult use, it’s clear that each has its advantages. Traditional beds generally offer superior comfort, support, and space. However, sofa beds are a versatile alternative for homes with limited space, allowing a stylish yet functional seating solution that can double as a sleeping arrangement.

Misconceptions about sofa bed comfort pervade the market. Many believe that all sofa beds are inherently uncomfortable, but this isn’t true. Several modern sofa beds are designed with adult comfort in mind, incorporating advanced sleep technologies similar to those found in high-quality traditional mattresses.

When selecting the right sofa bed for adult users, consider additional features like adjustable arms, easy-to-use mechanisms, and matching décor. Customer reviews can also provide invaluable insights, as real experiences often highlight specific sofa beds’ levels of comfort and durability over time.

You can enhance comfort on a sofa bed through accessories. Adding a mattress topper can significantly improve sleeping conditions, while plush bedding can transform the experience into something cozier and more inviting.

Your choice of sofa bed can create a welcoming environment for your guests while ensuring comfort that rivals traditional sleeping options. By keeping these considerations in mind, you will be well-equipped to find a sofa bed that meets both your aesthetic and comfort needs.

Conclusion

Finding the right place to sleep is essential, especially for adults who may spend considerable time on a sofa bed. While some may question the comfort level of sofa beds compared to traditional beds, it’s clear that when crafted correctly, sofa beds can provide satisfactory support and relaxation. Understanding the anatomy of a comfortable sofa bed is crucial; a good mattress, strong frame, and quality materials can significantly enhance your sleeping experience.

Misconceptions often cloud the judgment around sofa bed comfort, but by addressing these and focusing on the specific needs of adult sleepers, you can find an option that suits you. Customer reviews highlight a range of experiences, proving that comfort levels can vary widely based on individual preferences and product quality. When shopping for a sofa bed, it is wise to pay attention to factors such as mattress thickness, firmness, and overall design.

Moreover, enhancing sofa bed comfort is achievable with simple adjustments. Adding a mattress topper, using quality bedding, or even incorporating extra pillows can make a world of difference. By educating yourself on these aspects, you can confidently select a sofa bed that caters to your needs as an adult sleeper. Ultimately, whether for hosting guests or accommodating everyday living, a well-chosen sofa bed can become a valuable asset in your home, providing both functionality and comfort. Prioritize what matters most, and you’ll find a solution that offers restful sleep while fitting seamlessly into your living space.

Disclaimer:

This website’s content and articles are provided for general informational purposes only and should not be relied upon as professional advice; please consult a qualified professional for guidance specific to your circumstances

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